Low Glucose Utilization and Neurodegenerative Changes Caused by Sodium Fluoride Exposure in Rat’s Developmental Brain

Fluorine, a toxic and reactive element, is widely prevalent throughout the environment and can induce toxicity when absorbed into the body. This study was to explore the possible mechanisms of developmental neurotoxicity in rats treated with different levels of sodium fluoride (NaF). The rats’ intelligence, as well as changes in neuronal morphology, glucose absorption, and functional gene expression within the brain were determined using the Morris water maze test, transmission electron microscopy, small-animal magnetic resonance imaging and Positron emission tomography and computed tomography, and Western blotting techniques. We found that NaF treatment-impaired learning and memory in these rats. Furthermore, NaF caused neuronal degeneration, decreased brain glucose utilization, decreased the protein expression of glucose transporter 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, and increased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat brains. The developmental neurotoxicity of fluoride may be closely associated with low glucose utilization and neurodegenerative changes.     

2010年天津市河东区手足口病流行特征分析

目的了解天津市河东区2010年手足口病发病情况和流行特征,为制定防控措施提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对河东区2010年手足口病疫情资料进行分析。结果河东区2010年手足口病报告病例931例,发病率为104.41/10万,患者男女比例为1.56∶1。发病以夏秋季多见,患者中1～5岁儿童占总病例的78.41%。诊断病例113例,其中肠道病毒71型、柯萨奇病毒A组16型阳性者分别占35.4%、21.2%,2型病毒均阳性者占3.5%。结论天津市河东区手足口病的发生存在明显季节、性别、年龄差异,预防控制工作重点为托幼机构。早发现、早隔离治疗病人,加强健康教育、提高自我防护是防控手足口病的有效措施。     

一起天津市集体单位内新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情流行病学调查

目的 对天津市一起新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）聚集性疫情进行详细调查和分析,旨在为COVID-19的流行病学特征提供更多证据,并对前期基于有限证据和经验实施的防控措施进行评估。方法 采用描述性研究方法对一起发生在集体单位内的聚集性病例进行三间分布及其他流行病学特征描述。结果 自第一例指示病例于1月15日发病后,该单位相继发现10例确诊病例,且疫情从单位传播到4个家庭内,致7人发病。17例病例年龄中位数为55（19~79）岁;其中10例职工病例全部为男性,7例家庭聚集病例中男性3例,女性4例。职工病例中,8例办公地点在CW车间,2例在行政办公楼。病例的暴露-发病间隔中位数为4 d,其中职工病例暴露-发病间隔中位数为4.5 d,家庭聚集病例为4 d。初期发病未实施隔离措施的病例发病-就诊间隔中位数为4 d,发病期间开始居家隔离的病例发病-就诊间隔中位数为2.5 d,发病前开始居家隔离的病例发病-就诊间隔中位数为0.5 d。结论 COVID-19传播过程中存在单位和家庭聚集性,在疫情发生初期,准确、迅速的采取封控措施完全可以阻止COVID-19聚集性疫情的大范围扩散。     

Evaluating the population measles susceptibility in Tianjin,China

BackgroundMeasles is a highly infectious illness requiring herd immunity of 95% to interrupt transmission. China has not reached elimination goals despite high vaccination coverage. We estimated the population susceptibility against measles in Tianjin, China and to tailor awareness raising activities in the measles elimination plan.MethodsAge-specific measles seroprevalence was evaluated by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) on 12,164 individual aged 0–44 years in 2009–2018. Measles IgG avidity testing was performed to confirm the relationship of the waning immunity after vaccination and secondary vaccination failures (SVF) on 324 confirmed measles cases in 2013–2018.Results11,108 samples (91.32%) tested positive for measles IgG, 239 (1.96%) tested as equivocal and 817 (6.72%) were negative. The age distribution of measles cases in Tianjin followed a U-shaped curve and was highest for those at <8 months and again at 20–39 years which correlated closely with the age distribution of measles susceptibility based on measles IgG antibody status (r = 0.72, P < 0.001). The seropositivity rate and antibody geometric mean concentration (GMC) for the 2018 study population were significantly lower (χ² = 7.45, P = 0.006 and t = 12.01, P < 0.001) compared to 2009. The multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that age and region were the risk factors for both measles seropositivity rate and GMC after vaccination. The proportion of high avidity cases increased with age, being significantly higher in 75.31% of cases in patients aged 30–34 years (χ² = 18.04, P = 0.003).ConclusionsHigh immunization coverage in children alone will not be adequate to realizing sufficient levels of population herd immunity, particularly given that the potential susceptibility window in adult. Implementation of supplemental immunization activity (SIA) targeted to appropriate group aged 30–34 years is recommended.     

检查表法对降低脑梗死患者医院感染发生率的效果观察

目的探讨应用检查表法降低脑梗死患者医院感染发生率的效果。方法将219例脑梗死患者随机分为试验组和对照组。试验组应用检查表法评估脑梗死患者医院感染的风险因素,同时进行医院感染目标监测;对照组采用综合性监测,比较两组的医院感染发生率。结果试验组的医院感染发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论应用检查表法可直接发现脑梗死患者的医院感染风险因素,降低医院感染发生率,提高医疗质量。     

Fetal grafting for Parkinson's disease: Expression of immune markers in two patients with functional fetal nigral implants

In a number of centers throughout the world, fetal nigral transplantation is being performed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Clinical results have been inconsistent. One parameter that differs among transplant studies is the degree and manner by which patients are immunosuppressed following transplantation. Indeed, the role of the immune system following fetal grafting in humans is not well understood. Recently, two patients from our open label trial that received fetal nigral implants have come to autopsy. These patients were immunosuppressed with cyclosporin for 6 mo posttransplantation and survived for a total of 18 mo postgrafting. Robust survival of grafted dopamine-containing cells was observed in both cases. Immunostaining for HLA-DR revealed a dense collection of cells within grafts from both cases. HLA-DR staining was rarely observed within the host including nongrafted regions of the striatum. A more detailed analysis of immune markers was performed in Case 2. Numerous pan macrophages, T-cells, and B-cells were observed within graft sites located in the postcommissural putamen. In contrast, staining for these immune cells was not observed within the ungrafted anterior putamen. These findings suggest that even in healthy appearing functional nigral implants, grafts are invaded by host immune cells that could compromise their long-term viability and function. Alternatively, immune cells are known to secrete trophic factors, which may ultimately favor graft survival and function. Further work is needed to understand the role of the immune system in fetal grafting.     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in enamel development are associated with dental fluorosis

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between polymorphisms in DLX1, DLX2, MMP13, TIMP1 and TIMP2 genes with dental fluorosis (DF) phenotype.DesignFour hundred and eighty one subjects (108 with DF and 373 DF free) from 6 to 18 years of age were recruited. This population lived in Rio de Janeiro, a city with fluoridation of public water supplies. DF was assessed using the Deańs index modified. Only erupted permanent teeth were assessed. Genetic polymorphisms in DLX1, DLX2, MMP13, TIMP1 and TIMP2 were analyzed by real-time PCR from genomic DNA. Association between DF, genotype, and allele distribution were evaluated using chi-square and logistic regression analyses with an alpha level of 5%.ResultsDF was more prevalent in Afro-descendants than in Caucasians (p = 0.08; OR = 1.83; CI 95% = 1.18–2.82). Logistic regression analysis adjusted by the ethnicity demonstrated a statistical difference for TIMP1 genotype (p = 0.033; OR = 2.93, 95%CI, 1.09–7.90). When only the severer cases of DF were analyzed, polymorphisms in DLX1 and DLX2 were associated with DF (p < 0.05).ConclusionOur results provided evidence that polymorphisms in TIMP1, DLX1 and DLX2 genes may be associated with DF phenotypes.     

天津某高校大学生膳食营养现况调查

目的 调查天津某高校大学生每日膳食营养素的摄入情况，并提出健康饮食建议。方法 选取2017年12月~2018年3月在天津某高校就读的143名大学生，采用3d 24h膳食回顾法分析大学生冬春两季营养状况和膳食摄入情况，比较冬春季不同性别每日营养素达标率、膳食来源摄入量及三大产能营养素摄入量供能比例。结果 冬季男生脂肪和碳水化合物摄入达标率高于女生，Fe的摄入达标率低于女生，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；春季女生Fe的摄入达标率高于男生，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,其中不同性别在冬春两季中能量、蛋白质、VA、VB1、VB2、VC、Ca、Mg摄入量均未达到标准供给量。冬季膳食来源实际摄入量达标膳食有畜禽肉类、大豆及坚果；春季膳食来源实际摄入量达标膳食仅有谷类薯类及杂豆，其中冬春两季鱼虾类摄入量达标率最低，分别为5.22%和13.91%。男生冬季蛋白质供能比稍低于推荐值，不同性别其他产能营养素供能比均在推荐范围内。结论 天津某高校大学生存在多种营养素摄入不足，膳食结构不合理的问题，仅供热比符合推荐标准。建议学校食堂改善膳食结构，提供符合膳食标准的多样化食谱，对大学生开展健康饮食的教育宣传。     

Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in rat thyroid toxicity caused by excess fluoride and/or iodide

Excess fluoride and iodide coexist in drinking water in many regions, but few studies have investigated the single or interactive effects on thyroid in vivo. In our study, Wistar rats were exposed to excess fluoride and/or iodide through drinking water for 2 or 8 months. The structure and function of the thyroid, cells apoptosis and the expression of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) pathway-related factors were analyzed. Results demonstrated that excess fluoride and/or iodide could change thyroid follicular morphology and alter thyroid hormone levels in rats. After 8 months treatment, both single and co-exposure of the two microelements could raise the thyroid cells apoptosis. However, the expressions of IRE1-related factors were only increased in fluoride-alone and the combined groups. In conclusion, thyroid structure and thyroid function were both affected by excess fluoride and/or iodide. IRE1-induced apoptosis were involved in this cytotoxic process caused by fluoride or the combination of two microelements.     

个体化营养干预在妊娠期铁缺乏孕妇中的应用

目的：探讨个体化营养干预方案对妊娠期铁缺乏孕妇的影响。方法：采用随机对照试验方法,将患有妊娠期铁缺乏的孕妇分为干预组和对照组各35例。干预组采用个体化营养干预方案,包括营养档案的建立、膳食调查与监测和开具营养处方等。对照组采用常规健康教育方法。分别于孕＜12周、孕20周、孕28周和36周评估孕妇血红蛋白、血清铁蛋白、平均红细胞体积和孕期体重增长情况以及新生儿出生体重。结果：干预组的血红蛋白、平均红细胞体积和血清铁蛋白指标均优于对照组;干预组孕妇平均体重增长少于对照组,体重增长达标率高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：个体化营养干预方案能够有效改善妊娠期铁缺乏孕妇铁营养相关指标,且对孕期合理增重有较好影响。